Hughes Lab · University of Toronto

Decoding
gene regulation.

How do cells read the genome? We study the proteins that recognize DNA and RNA sequences—and how their interactions shape gene expression.

Our approach

How do cells see the genome?

Interpretation of nucleic acid sequence is fundamental to molecular biology, and decoding gene regulation in particular remains a vexing problem.

Only a small minority of most genomes is protein coding. In contrast, the number and variety of apparent regulatory sequences continues to grow - in human, eclipsing the number of protein coding genes by orders of magnitude.

Determining how regulatory sequences are recognized and interpreted by cells is fundamental to dissecting gene expression mechanisms, interpreting the significance of sequence variants, and understanding the function and evolution of genomes. It remains surprisingly difficult to precisely predict gene expression patterns from sequence, however. This problem represents one of the grand challenges of our era.

Our approach centres on study of the molecules that recognize specific sequences: transcription factors, RNA binding proteins, nucleosomes, and enzymes that act on specific sequences. We employ a battery of laboratory assays and associated computational methods to measure and describe their sequence and structure preferences, and to understand how they work together to orchestrate chromatin organization and gene regulation.

What we investigate

Areas of research

Sequence-based models of gene regulation

Understanding how regulatory information in DNA and RNA shapes gene expression.

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Protein–DNA and protein–RNA recognition

Mapping the sequence preferences of transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins.

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Evolution of gene regulation

Tracing how sequence recognition changes and new regulatory functions emerge.

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Featured publication · Nature 2026

An expanded codebook of human transcription factor DNA-binding specificity

Explore the Codebook study and its accompanying resource for human transcription-factor binding specificities.